Multi-omics and chemical profiling approaches to understand the material foundation and pharmacological mechanism of sophorae tonkinensis radix et rhizome-induced liver injury in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sophorae tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (STR) is an extensively applied traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in southwest China. However, its clinical application is relatively limited due to its hepatotoxicity effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: To understand the material foundation and liver injury mechanism of STR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical compositions in STR and its prototypes in mice were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS). STR-induced liver injury (SILI) was comprehensively evaluated by STR-treated mice mode. The histopathologic and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate liver injury levels. Subsequently, network pharmacology and multi-omics were used to analyze the potential mechanism of SILI in vivo. And the target genes were further verified by Western blot. RESULTS: A total of 152 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in STR, including 29 alkaloids, 21 organic acids, 75 flavonoids, 1 quinone, and 26 other types. Among them, 19 components were presented in STR-medicated serum. The histopathologic and biochemical analysis revealed that hepatic injury occurred after 4 weeks of intragastric administration of STR. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that IL6, TNF, STAT3, etc. were the main core targets, and the bile secretion might play a key role in SILI. The metabolic pathways such as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, purine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism were identified in the STR exposed groups. Among them, taurine, hypotaurine, hypoxanthine, pyridoxal, and 4-pyridoxate were selected based on their high impact value and potential biological function in the process of liver injury post STR treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism and material foundation of SILI were revealed and profiled by a multi-omics strategy combined with network pharmacology and chemical profiling. Meanwhile, new insights were taken into understand the pathological mechanism of SILI.

The phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, quality control, and toxicity of Forsythiae Fructus: An updated systematic review.

Forsythiae Fructus (FF), the dried fruit of F. suspensa, is commonly used to treat fever, inflammation, etc in China or other Asian countries. FF is usually used as the core herb in traditional Chinese medicine preparations for the treatment of influenza, such as Shuang-huang-lian oral liquid and Yin-qiao powder, etc. Since the wide application and core role of FF, its research progress was summarized in terms of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, quality control, and toxicity. Meanwhile, the anti-influenza substances and mechanism of FF were emphasized. Till now, a total of 290 chemical components are identified in F. suspensa, and among them, 248 components were isolated and identified from FF, including 42 phenylethanoid glycosides, 48 lignans, 59 terpenoids, 14 flavonoids, 3 steroids, 24 cyclohexyl ethanol derivatives, 14 alkaloids, 26 organic acids, and 18 other types. FF and their pure compounds have the pharmacological activities of anti-virus, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-bacteria, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. Inhibition of TLR7, RIG-I, MAVS, NF-κB, MyD88 signaling pathway were the reported anti-influenza mechanisms of FF and phenylethanoid glycosides and lignans are the main active groups. However, the bioavailability of phenylethanoid glycosides and lignans of FF in vivo was low, which needed to be improved. Simultaneously, the un-elucidated compounds and anti-influenza substances of FF strongly needed to be explored. The current quality control of FF was only about forsythoside A and phillyrin, more active components should be taken into consideration. Moreover, there are no reports of toxicity of FF yet, but the toxicity of FF should be not neglected in clinical applications.

A review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of Abri Herba (Ji-Gu-Cao).

Abri Herba (AH, known as 'Ji-Gu-Cao' in China) has a long-term medicinal history of treating cholecystitis, acute and chronic hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in China or other Asian countries. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of AH in terms of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. The information involved in the study was collected from a variety of electronic resources, and >100 scientific studies have been used since 1962. Until now, 95 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from AH and the seeds of Abrus cantoniensis Hance (ACH), including 47 terpenoids, 26 flavonoids and 4 alkaloids. The pharmacological activities of AH extracts and their pure compounds have been explored in the aspects of anti-hyperlipidaemia, hepatoprotection, anti-tumour, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, immunomodulation, antioxidant and others. The pharmacokinetics and excretion kinetics of AH in vivo and 15 traditional and clinical prescriptions containing AH have been sorted out, and the potential therapeutic mechanism and drug metabolism pattern were also summarised. The pods of ACH are toxic, with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 10.01 ± 2.90 g/kg (i.g.) in mice. Interestingly, the toxicity of ACH's pods and seeds decreased after boiling. However, the toxicity mechanism of pods of ACH is unclear, limiting its clinical application. Clinical trials in the future should be used to explore its safety. Meanwhile, as one of the relevant pharmacological activities, the effects and mechanism of AH on anti-hyperlipidaemia and hepatoprotection should be further studied, which is of great significance for understanding its mechanism of action in the treatment of NAFL disease and improving its clinical application.

The comparative analysis of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos: A systematical review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) and Lonicerae Flos (LF) were once used as the same herb in China, but they were distinguished by Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2005 in terms of their medicinal history, plant morphology, medicinal properties and chemical constituents. However, their functions, flavor, and meridian tropism are the same according to the Chinese pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, making researchers and customers confused. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aimed to provide a comparative analysis of LJF and LF in order to provide a rational application in future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information was gathered from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SciFinder, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Chinese Masters and Doctoral Dissertations (all chosen articles were reviewed attentively from 1980.1 to 2023.8). RESULTS: Till now, 507 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified in LJF, while 223 ones (79 overlapped compounds) are found in LF, including organic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, triterpenoids, iridoids, and essential oil components, etc. In addition, the pharmacological activities of LJF and LF, especially for their anti-influenza efficacy and mechanism, and their difference in terms of pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicology, and clinical applications were also summarized. CONCLUSION: The current work offers comparative information between LJF and LF in terms of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and pharmacology, especially their anti-influenza activities. Despite the same clinical applications and similar chemical components in LJF and LF, differentiated components were still existed, resulting in differentiated pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics parameters. Moreover, the research about anti-influenza mechanism and functional substances of LJF and LF is dramatically limited, restricting their clinical applications. In addition, few studies have investigated the metabolism feature of LF in vivo, which is one of the important bases for revealing the pharmacological mechanism of LF. At the same time, the toxicity of LJF and LF is not fully studied, and the toxic compounds of LJF and LF need to be screened out in order to standardize the drug use and improve their rational applications.

Activation and Transformation of Methane on Boron-Doped Cobalt Oxide Cluster Cations CoBO2.

The cleavage of inert C-H bonds in methane at room temperature and the subsequent conversion into value-added products are quite challenging. Herein, the reactivity of boron-doped cobalt oxide cluster cations CoBO2+ toward methane under thermal collision conditions was studied by mass spectrometry experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. In this reaction, one H atom and the CH3 unit of methane were transformed separately to generate the product metaboric acid (HBO2) and one CoCH3+ ion, respectively. Theoretical calculations strongly suggest that a catalytic cycle can be completed by the recovery of CoBO2+ through the reaction of CoCH3+ with sodium perborate (NaBO3), and this reaction generates sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) as the other value-added product. This study shows that boron-doped cobalt oxide species are highly reactive to facilitate thermal methane transformation and may open a way to develop more effective approaches for methane (CH4) activation and conversion under mild conditions.

Manipulating Reactivity of Ir(CH2)0-2+ Cations toward Dinitrogen at Room Temperature: A Unique Dependence on the Organic Ligand Structures.

Nitrogen (N2) activation at room temperature has long been a great challenge. Therefore, the rational design of reactive species to adsorb N2, which is a prerequisite for cleavage of the strong N≡N triple bond in industrial and biological processes, is highly desirable and meaningful. Herein, the N2 adsorption process is controlled by regulating the types and numbers of organic ligands, and the organic ligands are produced through the reactions of Ir+ with methane and ethane. CH4 molecules dissociate on the Ir+ cations to form Ir(CH2)1,2+. The reaction of Ir+ with C2H6 can generate HIrC2H3+, which is different from the structure of Ir(CH2)2+ obtained from Ir+/CH4. The reactivity order of N2 adsorption is Ir(CH2)2+ > HIrC2H3+ ≫ HIrCH+ ≈ Ir+ (almost inert under similar reaction conditions), indicating that different organic ligand structures affect reactivity dramatically. The main reason for this interesting reactivity difference is that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of Ir(CH2)2+ is much closer to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of N2 than those of the other three systems. This study provides new insights into the adsorption of N2 on metal-organic ligand species, in which the organic ligand dominates the reactivity, and it discovers new clues in designing effective transition metal carbine species for N2 activation.

Nitrogen adsorption on Nb2C6H4+ cations: the important role of benzyne (ortho-C6H4).

N2 adsorption is a prerequisite for activation and transformation. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry experiments show that the Nb2C6H4+ cation, resulting from the gas-phase reaction of Nb2+ with C6H6, is more favorable for N2 adsorption than Nb+ and Nb2+ cations. Density functional theory calculations reveal the effect of the ortho-C6H4 ligand on N2 adsorption. In Nb2C6H4+, interactions between the Nb-4d and C-2p orbitals enable the Nb2+ cation to form coordination bonds with the ortho-C6H4 ligand. Although the ortho-C6H4 ligand in Nb2C6H4+ is not directly involved in the reaction, its presence increases the polarity of the cluster and brings the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) closer to the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of N2, thereby increasing the N2 adsorption energy, which effectively facilitates N2 adsorption and activation. This study provides fundamental insights into the mechanisms of N2 adsorption in "transition metal-organic ligand" systems.

Dissection of the antitumor mechanism of tetrandrine based on metabolite profiling and network pharmacology.

RATIONALE: Tetrandrine, the Q-marker in Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix, was proven to present an obvious antitumor effect. Until now, the metabolism and antitumor mechanism of tetrandrine have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: The metabolites of tetrandrine in rats were profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The potential antitumor mechanism of tetrandrine in vivo was predicted using network pharmacology. RESULTS: A total of 30 metabolites were characterized in rats after ingestion of tetrandrine (10 mg/kg), including 0 in plasma, 7 in urine, 11 in feces, 9 in liver, 8 in spleen, 4 in lung, 5 in kidney, 5 in heart, and 4 in brain. This study was the first to show the metabolic processes demethylation, hydroxylation, and carbonylation in tetrandrine. The pharmacology network results showed that tetrandrine and its metabolites could regulate AKT1, TNF, MMP9, MMP2, PAK1, and so on by involving in proteoglycan tumor pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, tumor pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolism features of tetrandrine and its potential antitumor mechanism were summarized, providing data for further pharmacological validation.

Features of synchronous and metachronous dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the characteristics of dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer (CRC) (DPGCC) are limited. AIM: To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous cancers in patients with DPGCC. METHODS: From October 2010 to August 2021, patients with DPGCC were retrospectively reviewed. The patients with DPGCC were divided into two groups (synchronous and metachronous). We compared the overall survival (OS) between the groups using Kaplan-Meier survival methods. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox's proportional hazards model to identify the independent prognostic factors for OS. RESULTS: Of the 76 patients with DPGCC, 46 and 30 had synchronous and metachronous cancers, respectively. The proportion of unresectable CRC in patients with synchronous cancers was higher than that in patients with metachronous cancers (28.3% vs 3.3%, P = 0.015). The majority of the second primary cancers had occurred within 5 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with metachronous cancers had a better prognosis than patients with synchronous cancers (P = 0.010). The patients who had undergone gastrectomy (P < 0.001) or CRC resection (P < 0.001) had a better prognosis than those who had not. In the multivariate analysis, synchronous cancer [hazard ratio (HR) = 6.8, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 2.0-22.7, P = 0.002)] and stage III-IV gastric cancer (GC) [HR = 10.0, 95%CI: 3.4-29.5, P < 0.001)] were risk prognostic factor for OS, while patients who underwent gastrectomy was a protective prognostic factor for OS [HR = 0.2, 95%CI: 0.1-0.6, P = 0.002]. CONCLUSION: Regular surveillance for metachronous cancer is necessary during postoperative follow-up. Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy to improve the prognosis of DPGCC. The prognosis appears to be influenced by the stage of GC rather than the stage of CRC. Patients with synchronous cancer have a worse prognosis, and its treatment strategy is worth further exploration.

Coupling of N2 and O2 in the Gas Phase to Synthesize Nitric Oxide at Room Temperature: A Zeldovich-Like Strategy.

Dinitrogen (N2) activation and its chemical transformations are some of the most challenging topics in chemistry. Herein, we report that heteronuclear metal anions AuNbBO- can mediate the direct coupling of N2 and O2 to generate NO molecules. N2 first forms the nondissociative adsorption product AuNbBON2- on AuNbBO-. In the following reactions with two O2 molecules, two NO molecules are gradually released, with the formation of AuNbBO2N- and AuNbBO3-. In the reaction with the first O2, the generated nitrene radical (N••-) originating from the dissociated N2, induces the activation of O2. Subsequently, the second O2 is anchored and forms a superoxide radical (O2•-); this radical attacks the other N atom to form an N-O bond, releasing the second NO. The N••- and O2•- radicals play key roles in the reactions. The mechanism adopted in this direct oxidation of N2 by O2 to NO can be labeled as a Zeldovich-like mechanism.

Mucin1 induced trophoblast dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus via Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

BACKGROUND: To elucidate the role of Mucin1 (MUC1) in the trophoblast function (glucose uptake and apoptosis) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. METHODS: Glucose uptake was analyzed by plasma GLUT1 and GLUT4 levels with ELISA and measured by the expression of GLUT4 and INSR with immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Apoptosis was measured by the expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase3 by Western blotting and flow cytometry. Wnt/ß-catenin signaling measured by Western blotting. In vitro studies were performed using HTR-8/SVneo cells that were cultured and treated with high glucose (HG), sh-MUC1 and FH535 (inhibitor of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling). RESULTS: MUC1 was highly expressed in the placental trophoblasts of GDM, and the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway was activated, along with dysfunction of glucose uptake and apoptosis. MUC1 knockdown resulted in increased invasiveness and decreased apoptosis in trophoblast cells. The initial linkage between MUC1, the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, and glucose uptake was confirmed by using an HG-exposed HTR-8/SVneo cell model with MUC1 knockdown. MUC1 knockdown inhibited the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and reversed glucose uptake dysfunction and apoptosis in HG-induced HTR-8/SVneo cells. Meanwhile, inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling could also reverse the dysfunction of glucose uptake and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the increased level of MUC1 in GDM could abnormally activate the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, leading to trophoblast dysfunction, which may impair glucose uptake and induce apoptosis in placental tissues of GDM women.

Risk factors for postoperative recurrence in patients with stage II colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recurrences are the main reasons for unfavorable outcomes for patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC). To obtain a clear understanding of the high-risk factors, further investigation is warranted. The present study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with postoperative recurrence in patients with stage II CRC. METHODS: Eligible patients with pathologically confirmed stage II CRC were enrolled in the study retrospectively based on a prospectively maintained database from April 2008 to March 2019. The Kaplan-Meier method were used to calculate the overall survival (OS) rate and the cumulative recurrence rate. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS: There were 2515 patients included, of whom 233 (9.3%) developed local or distant recurrence. Recurrence was associated with a significantly worse 5-year OS (45.4% vs. 95.5%, p < 0.0001). The 5-year cumulative recurrence rate was 13.0% in patients with stage II CRC. On multivariable Cox analysis, tumor size (Hazard Ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.79[1.38, 2.33]), preoperative carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125 level (HR [95% CI] = 1.78[1.17, 2.70]), preoperative CA 199 level (HR [95% CI] = 1.56[1.09, 2.22]), and ulcerating tumor (HR [95% CI] = 1.61[1.19, 2.17]) were found to be associated with postoperative recurrence. Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a lower cumulative recurrence rate in patients with these risk factors (p = 0.00096). CONCLUSION: The tumor diameter, preoperative CA125 level, preoperative CA199 level, and an ulcerative tumor can predict postoperative recurrence in patients with stage II CRC, and postoperative chemotherapy could reduce the cumulative recurrence rate in patients with these high-risk factors.

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Data for Identification of Pathways Related to Matrine-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Matrine (MT) is a major bioactive compound extracted from Sophorae tonkinensis. However, the clinical application of MT is relatively restricted due to its potentially toxic effects, especially hepatotoxicity. Although MT-induced liver injury has been reported, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, transcriptomics and metabolomics were applied to investigate the hepatotoxicity of MT in mice. The results indicated that liver injury occurred when the administration of MT (30 or 60 mg/kg, i.g) lasted for 2 weeks, including dramatically increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), etc. The metabolomic results revealed that steroid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism were involved in the occurrence and development of MT-induced hepatotoxicity. Further, the transcriptomic data indicated that the downregulation of NSDHL with CYP51, FDFT1, and DHCR7, involved in steroid biosynthesis, resulted in a lower level of cholic acid. Besides, Gstps and Nat8f1 were related to the disorder of glutathione metabolism, and HMGCS1 could be treated as the marker gene of the development of MT-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, other metabolites, such as taurine, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and inosine monophosphate (IMP), also made a contribution to the boosting of MT-induced hepatotoxicity. In this work, our results provide clues for the mechanism investigation of MT-induced hepatotoxicity, and several biomarkers (metabolites and genes) closely related to the liver injury caused by MT are also provided. Meanwhile, new insights into the understanding of the development of MT-induced hepatotoxicity or other monomer-induced hepatotoxicity were also provided.

Genistein Modified with 8-Prenyl Group Suppresses Osteoclast Activity Directly via Its Prototype but Not Metabolite by Gut Microbiota.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a significant threat to human health globally. Genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone, is regarded as a promising anti-osteoporosis drug with the effects of promoting osteoblastogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis. However, its oral bioavailability (6.8%) is limited by water solubility, intestinal permeability, and biotransformation. Fortunately, 8-prenelylated genistein (8PG), a derivative of genistein found in Erythrina Variegate, presented excellent predicted oral bioavailability (51.64%) with an improved osteoblastogenesis effect, although its effects on osteoclastogenesis and intestinal biotransformation were still unclear. In this study, an in vitro microbial transformation platform and UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis method were developed to explore the functional metabolites of 8PG. RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells were utilized to evaluate the effects of 8PG on osteoclastogenesis. Our results showed that genistein was transformed into dihydrogenistein and 5-hydroxy equol, while 8PG metabolites were undetectable under the same conditions. The 8PG (10-6 M) was more potent in inhibiting osteoclastogenesis than genistein (10-5 M) and it down-regulated NFATC1, cSRC, MMP-9 and Cathepsin K. It was concluded that 8-prenyl plays an important role in influencing the osteoclast activity and intestinal biotransformation of 8PG, which provides evidence supporting the further development of 8PG as a good anti-osteoporosis agent.

Cytotoxic Cyclodepsipeptides and Cyclopentane Derivatives from a Plant-Associated Fungus Fusarium sp.

In this work, four new cyclodepsipeptides, fusarihexins C-E (1-3) and enniatin Q (4), four new cyclopentane derivatives, fusarilins A-D (5-8), together with eight known compounds (9-16), were isolated from cultures of the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations were determined using Marfey's method, a modified Mosher's method, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD analysis. The antitumor activities of the isolated compounds in vitro were evaluated. Cyclodepsipeptides displayed cytotoxicities against the Huh-7, MRMT-1, and HepG-2 cell lines. Compounds 4, 9, 10, and 12 with IC50 values of 1.0-9.1 µM exhibited the most potent cytotoxicities against the three cell lines as compared to the positive control-5-fluorouracil. Compounds 1-3 and 11 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities (IC50 values of 10.7-20.1 µM).

A novel strategy by integrating chemical profiling, molecular networking, chemical isolation, and activity evaluation to target isolation of potential anti-ACE2 candidates in Forsythiae Fructus.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is regarded as a large database containing hundreds to thousands of chemical constituents that can be further developed as clinical drugs, such as artemisinin in Artemisia annua. However, effectively exploring novel candidates is still a challenge faced by researchers. PURPOSE: In this work, an integrated strategy combining chemical profiling, molecular networking, chemical isolation, and activity evaluation (CMCA strategy) was proposed and applied to systematically characterize and screen novel candidates, and Forsythiae fructus (FF) was used as an example. STUDY DESIGN: It contained four parts. First, the chemical compounds in FF were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) with data-dependent acquisition, and further, the targeted compounds were screened out based on an in-house database. In the meantime, the representative MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of different chemical structure types were summarized. Second, homologous constituents were grouped and organized based on feature-guided molecular networking, and the nontargeted components with homologous mass fragmentation behaviors were characterized. Third, the novel compounds were isolated and unambiguously identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Finally, the anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities of isolated chemical constituents were further evaluated by in vitro experiments. RESULTS: A total of 278 compounds were profiled in FF, including 151 targeted compounds and 127 nontargeted compounds. Among them, 16 were unambitiously identified by comparison with reference standards. Moreover, 25 were classified into potential novel compounds. Two novel compounds were unambiguously identified by using conventional chromatographic methods, and they were named phillyrigeninside D (peak 254) and forsythenside O (peak 155). Furthermore, the ACE2 activity of the compounds in FF was evaluated by modern pharmacological methods, and among them, suspensaside A was confirmed to present obvious anti-ACE2 activity. CONCLUSION: Our work provides meaningful information for revealing potential FF candidates for the treatment of COVID-19, along with new insight for exploring novel candidates from complex systems.

Dissection of the potential anti-diabetes mechanism of salvianolic acid B by metabolite profiling and network pharmacology.

RATIONALE: Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), the Q-marker in Salvia miltiorrhiza, was proved to present an obvious anti-diabetes effect when treated as a food intake. Until now, the metabolism feature, tissue distribution and anti-diabetes mechanism of Sal B have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: The metabolites of Sal B in rats were profiled using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The potential anti-diabetes mechanism of Sal B was predicted by network pharmacology. RESULTS: A total of 31 metabolites were characterized in rats after ingestion of Sal B at a dosage of 40 mg/kg, including 1 in plasma, 19 in urine, 31 in feces, 0 in heart, 0 in liver, 0 in spleen, 1 in lung, 1 in kidney and 0 in brain. Among them, 18 metabolites were reported for the first time. Phase I reactions of hydrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation and isomerization, and phase II reactions of methylation were found in Sal B. Notably, decarboxylation and dehydroxylation were revealed in Sal B for the first time. The pharmacology network results showed that Sal B and its metabolites could regulate ALB, PLG, ACE, CASP3, MMP9, MMP2, MTOR, etc. The above targets were involved in insulin signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolism feature of Sal B in vivo was systematically revealed, and its anti-diabetes mechanism for further pharmacological validations was predicted based on metabolite profiling and network pharmacology for the first time.

A novel strategy for exploring food originated anti-adipogenesis substances and mechanism by structural similarity evaluation, ADME prediction, network pharmacology and experimental validation.

Screening potential functional substances based on active compounds is still a challenge faced by researchers since hundreds and thousands of possible compounds exist in natural products (food, herb, etc.). In this study, an integrated strategy by a combination of structural similarity evaluation, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) prediction, network pharmacology and experimental validation (SANE strategy) was proposed and applied to explore anti-adipogenesis substances. This strategy was divided into four parts: first, potential compounds were screened based on representative active compounds by similarity evaluation and ADME prediction. Second, the activity of targeted compounds was evaluated in vitro based on the molecular biology method. Third, network pharmacology was used to explore potential targets and pathways. Last, the core pharmacological mechanism was confirmed by modern pharmacology methods. As a result, 8-prenylgenistein (8PG) was screened with chemical structure similarity with genistein and improved ADME propriety. Meanwhile, 8PG was found to present significant anti-adipogenesis effects in pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells and primary human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). Through using methods including: chemical staining, functional assays, and Real time PCR, 8PG was found to present more potency than genistein in suppressing the adipocyte differentiation. Further, the potential pharmacological mechanism was predicted, and significant effects of 8PG on activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and hBMSC were confirmed by  immunoblotting in the absence/presence of signaling pathway blocker and immunofluorescence staining. A new insight for exploring more potent compounds based on accurate effect compounds is provided in our work. Moreover, a potential compound (8PG), suppressing adipogenesis, was also supplied.

Characterization of metabolic fate of phellodendrine and its potential pharmacological mechanism against diabetes mellitus by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-coupled time-of-flight mass spectrometry and network pharmacology.

RATIONALE: Characterizing the functional mechanism of quality control marker (Q-marker) was of great importance in revealing the primary pharmacological mechanism of herbs or the other complex system, and drug-related metabolites always contribute to the pharmacological functions. Cortex Phellodendri was used as a core herb in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). As a Q-marker of Cortex Phellodendri, the role of phellodendrine in DM was still unclear. Thus, the characterization of phellodendrine-related metabolites in vivo and the subsequent induced functional mechanism exerted great importance in elucidating the anti-DM mechanism of Cortex Phellodendri. METHODS: An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-coupled time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF MS) method was developed to profile metabolites of phellodendrine in rats. The potential pharmacological mechanism against DM was predicted by network pharmacology. RESULTS: A total of 19 phellodendrine-related metabolites were screened out in rats for the first time. Among them, M4, M5, M9, and M12 were regarded as the primary metabolites. Meanwhile, phase I metabolic reactions of hydroxylation, demethylation, and isomerization and phase II reactions of glucuronidation and sulfation occurred to phellodendrine; glucuronidation and hydroxylation were the two main metabolic reactions. Moreover, the potential targets of phellodendrine and three main metabolites (M4, M5, and M12) were predicted by a network pharmacological method, and they mainly shared 52 targets, including PDE5A, CHRNA3, SIGMAR1, F3, ESR1, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that calcium signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway were regarded as the core mechanism of phellodendrine to treat DM. CONCLUSION: The metabolic feature of phellodendrine in vivo was revealed for the first time, and its anti-DM mechanism information for further pharmacological validations was also supplied. It also gave a direction to further elucidation of pharmacological mechanism of Cortex Phellodendri in treating DM.

Dissection of the potential pharmacological function of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - a food additive - by in vivo substances profiling and network pharmacology.

Food additives are widely used in our daily life, and the side-effects caused by them have gained extensive attention around the world. Notably, constituent-oriented metabolites, in some sense, always contribute to pharmacological changes, inducing toxicity, therapeutic effects, etc. Characterization of the metabolites and their potential functions is of great importance to the practical applications. In this work, an integrated strategy by combining metabolite profiling and network pharmacology was applied to characterize the metabolic features and reveal pharmacological changes of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) in vivo to demonstrate its pharmacological mechanism and potential functions. As a result, a total of 19 metabolites (3 in plasma, 19 in urine, 8 in feces, 3 in heart, 5 in liver, 0 in spleen, 1 in lung, 2 in kidneys and 2 in brain) were screened and 18 of them were characterized for the first time. Phase I metabolic reactions of hydrolysis and phase II reactions of glucuronidation, sulfation, glutamylation, N-butyryl glycylation and lactylation were the main metabolic reactions of NHDC in vivo. Moreover, the results analyzed by network pharmacology revealed that, in addition to common pathways (steroid hormone biosynthesis) of NHDC, metabolites' targets were involved in pathways in cancer, ovarian steroidogenesis, proteoglycans in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, indicating that these functional changes might result in potential novel functions or other side-effects, such as a disorder of steroid hormones. Our work provided the metabolic features and functional modifications of NHDC in vivo for the first time, and meaningful information for further pharmacological validations or potential functions is supplied.